The controversy is a high-profile example of the religious disagreement growing in Indonesia, 90 per cent of whose 255 million inhabitants identify as Muslim, with a surge of attacks on minorities in recent years.

Basuki Tjahaja Purnama faces two prominent Muslim challengers in the race to lead the teeming capital of 10 million, as local elections take place around the country.

But the stakes in the Jakarta vote have been raised by allegations that Purnama ─ the city's first non-Muslim governor for half a century and its first ethnic Chinese leader ─ insulted the Holy Quran.

The claims drew hundreds of thousands of Muslims onto the streets of Jakarta in major protests last year, and Purnama has been put on trial in a case criticised as unfair and politically motivated.

He has not been barred from running but his lead in opinion polls was dented for a period, and analysts and the public are viewing the vote as a test of whether pluralism and a tolerant brand of Islam in the world's most populous Muslim-majority country are being eroded.

President Joko Widodo, whose party supports Purnama, appealed for unity after a dirty election campaign that has been dominated by religious and ethnic tensions and a flood of "fake news".

"Don't let our different political choices divide us ─ let's maintain our unity," he said after voting.

Casting his ballot, Purnama, who has won popularity among the middle-class with his determination to clean up the capital, hinted at the importance of the election: "Your vote decides the future of Jakarta."

Polls are now closed for Jakarta's 7.1 million registered voters,

An early vote tally released in the afternoon should give an indication of how the candidates have performed although official results will not be announced for several weeks.

None of the three candidates, who also include a former education minister and the scion of a political dynasty, are expected to win outright in the first round, meaning the race will likely go to a run-off in April.

If Purnama does win the vote and is convicted of blasphemy, which could see him sentenced to up to five years in prison, he would not automatically be barred from holding office and could avoid jail for a long time by filing successive appeals.